Try using graylog/graylog:2.4.5-1.
The JVM used in the old graylog2/server Docker image doesn’t support Docker (see https://blogs.oracle.com/java-platform-group/java-se-support-for-docker-cpu-and-memory-limits). You’ll also have to update your GRAYLOG_SERVER_JAVA_OPTS environment variable accordingly.
Also see: